独立宣言是一份于1776年7月4日由托马斯·杰斐逊起草,并由其它13个殖民地代表签署的最初声明美国从英国独立的档案。早在独立前的一百多年间,欧洲启蒙思想就开始在北美传播,为《独立宣言》的发表奠定了理论基础。在欧洲启蒙思想的薰陶下,北美殖民地也产生了自己的启蒙思想家,代表人物是班杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790)和托马斯·杰斐逊(1743-1826),他们反对奴隶制,主张人民享有自由、平等的权利。并且喊出了:“没有代表权,就不得徵税”(“No Taxation without Representation”)的口号。这句口号原本是英国政治的基本原则,在英国贵族与王室的斗争中使用过,但独立战争期间被殖民者用来捍卫自己的权利。
1776年6月,麻萨诸塞州的约翰·亚当斯、麻萨诸塞州的班杰明·富兰克林、维吉尼亚州的托马斯·杰斐逊、纽约州的罗伯特·李文斯顿(Robert R. Livingston)、康乃迪克州的罗杰·谢尔曼(Roger Sherman)(即后世所称之五人小组/Committee of Five)聚集起草合宜之文告以宣示独立之决心。五人小组决议,宣言由托马斯·杰斐逊独立起草后对富兰克林与亚当斯展示,富兰克林一人即至少修订了其中48处。杰斐逊后据此誊录了一份修订版,由五人小组于1776年6月28日上呈大陆议会。
1776年6月7日,维吉尼亚的理查·亨利·李(Richard Henry Lee)上呈李氏决议文(Lee Resolution)至大陆议会;7月2日,正式宣告独立。决议文中写道:“ 兹决议:合众殖民地(United Colonies)为,亦应为,自由独立之国家,其免除自身对不列颠王室之拥戴;其与大不列颠国之一切政治联繫为,亦应为,彻底无效。 ”
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
美利坚合众国十三个州一致通过的独立宣言
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
为了保障这些权利,人类才在他们之间建立政府,而政府之正当权力,是经被治理者的同意而产生的。
That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
他一再解散各州的议会,因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律,藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付,完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
他建立新官署,派遣大批官员,骚扰我们人民,并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
他在和平时期,未经我们的立法机关同意,就在我们中间维持常备军。
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
他力图使军队独立于民政之外,并凌驾于民政之上。
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队;
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
用假审讯来包庇他们,使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外;
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
切断我们同世界各地的贸易;
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
未经我们同意便向我们强行徵税;
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益;
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审;
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:
取消我们的宪章,废除我们最宝贵的法律,并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式;
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力,宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
他宣布我们已不属他保护之列,并对我们作战,从而放弃了在这里的政务。
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.
他在我们的海域大肆掠夺,蹂躏我们沿海地区,焚烧我们的城镇,残害我们人民的生命。
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
1823年,印刷专家威廉·史东(William J. Stone)衔国务卿约翰·昆西·亚当斯之命,製作与原件毫无二致之雕版印刷本。史东使用湿墨转印法,即湿润原件之表面,并将原件上的部份油墨转印至一片铜质平板上。该铜质转印板后经蚀刻,用以反覆压印,製作副本。1776年製作的原稿因十九世纪时的不当保存而历尽风霜,史东的雕版印刷本反而成为现代重製品的基础。
美国的独立宣言受1581年荷兰共和国宣告独立之影响,吁求誓绝(Oath of Abjuration)。苏格兰王国于1320年的阿布罗斯宣誓(Declaration of Arbroath)作为史上第一次的独立宣言,毫无疑问也具有影响力。杰斐逊个人曾製作维吉尼亚人权宣言,于1776年见采。
哲理影响
独立宣言受美国共和主义精神所影响,即以之为自由权之基本架构。另外,宣言中也反映启蒙时期的哲学,包含自然律、自决、与自然神论等观点。宣言中的理想,甚至其中一些片断,直接引用英国哲学家约翰·洛克之着作,尤其是其以“文明政府之真实起源、範畴、与终结之各项专论”为题之政府二论(Second Treatise on Government)。于其论文中,洛克拥护由受统治者成立政府之信念。洛克写道,人类拥有天赋人权。其他独立宣言所受到的影响包括阿尔杰农·西德尼之演讲与着作天助自助者(Wawrzyniec Grzymala Goslicki),以及托马斯·潘恩。据杰斐逊之理念,独立之目的为“非为寻找前此未有之新原则,或新论述……而是置事物之常理于世人眼前,以简洁之语句搏取赞同,并使之以我等受迫之立场自我判断。”班杰明.富兰克林
实际影响
若干史家相信独立宣言曾用以作为宣传工具,即美国人尝试为其叛英行为立说,以说服不愿起事之殖民地加入,并对可能施以援手之外国建立正当性。独立宣言亦曾用以结合大陆议会之成员。大多数的签署人都明白,自己签的是与革命事业成功与否息息相关的生死状,而本宣言缩短革命与成功之距离。(或如班杰明·富兰克林所挖苦的:“我等而今务鬚生死与共,否则定遭个别处决。”("We must all now hang together, or we will all surely hang separately.")